Chapter 2.4: Cyrus Hatches a Plan to Recover Tribute from the Armenians
¶ 1
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1. During a review of the troops, Cyrus is summoned by Cyaxeres…
ἐξέτασιν δέ ποτε πάντων τοῦ Κύρου ποιουμένου ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις καὶ σύνταξιν ἦλθε παρὰ Κυαξάρου ἄγγελος λέγων ὅτι Ἰνδῶν παρείη πρεσβεία: κελεύει οὖν σε ἐλθεῖν ὡς τάχιστα. φέρω δέ σοι, ἔφη ὁ ἄγγελος, καὶ στολὴν τὴν καλλίστην παρὰ Κυαξάρου: ἐβούλετο γάρ σε ὡς λαμπρότατα καὶ εὐκοσμότατα προσάγειν, ὡς ὀψομένων τῶν Ἰνδῶν ὅπως ἂν προσίῃς.
¶ 2
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2. Cyrus tells the men to fall in line, which they promptly do…
ἀκούσας δὲ ταῦτα ὁ Κῦρος παρήγγειλε τῷ πρώτῳ τεταγμένῳ ταξιάρχῳ εἰς μέτωπον στῆναι, ἐφ᾽ ἑνὸς ἄγοντα τὴν τάξιν, ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχοντα ἑαυτόν, καὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ ἐκέλευσε ταὐτὸ τοῦτο παραγγεῖλαι, καὶ διὰ πάντων οὕτω παραδιδόναι ἐκέλευσεν. οἱ δὲ πειθόμενοι ταχὺ μὲν παρήγγελλον, ταχὺ δὲ τὰ παραγγελλόμενα ἐποίουν, ἐν ὀλίγῳ δὲ χρόνῳ ἐγένοντο τὸ μὲν μέτωπον ἐπὶ τριακοσίων (τοσοῦτοι γὰρ ἦσαν οἱ ταξίαρχοι), τὸ δὲ βάθος ἐφ᾽ ἑκατόν.
¶ 3
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3. He immediately leads them to Cyaxares’ quarters without stopping to rest…
ἐπεὶ δὲ κατέστησαν, ἕπεσθαι ἐκέλευσεν ὡς ἂν αὐτὸς ἡγῆται: καὶ εὐθὺς τροχάζων ἡγεῖτο. ἐπεὶ δὲ κατενόησε τὴν ἀγυιὰν τὴν πρὸς τὸ βασίλειον φέρουσαν στενοτέραν οὖσαν ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ μετώπου πάντας διιέναι, παραγγείλας τὴν πρώτην χιλιοστὺν ἕπεσθαι κατὰ χώραν, τὴν δὲ δευτέραν κατ᾽ οὐρὰν ταύτης ἀκολουθεῖν, καὶ διὰ παντὸς οὕτως, αὐτὸς μὲν ἡγεῖτο οὐκ ἀναπαυόμενος, αἱ δ᾽ ἄλλαι χιλιοστύες κατ᾽ οὐρὰν ἑκάστη τῆς ἔμπροσθεν εἵποντο.
¶ 4
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4. Upon arrival he gives further orders for them to draw themselves up…
ἔπεμψε δὲ καὶ ὑπηρέτας δύο ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα τῆς ἀγυιᾶς, ὅπως εἴ τις ἀγνοοίη, σημαίνοιεν τὸ δέον ποιεῖν. ὡς δ᾽ ἀφίκοντο ἐπὶ τὰς Κυαξάρου θύρας, παρήγγειλε τῷ πρώτῳ ταξιάρχῳ τὴν τάξιν εἰς δώδεκα τάττειν βάθος, τοὺς δὲ δωδεκάρχους ἐν μετώπῳ καθιστάναι περὶ τὸ βασίλειον, καὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ ταὐτὰ ἐκέλευσε παραγγεῖλαι, καὶ διὰ παντὸς οὕτως.
¶ 5
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5. Cyaxares is pleased with Cyrus’ promptness but disappointed that he did not appear grandly…
οἱ μὲν δὴ ταῦτ᾽ ἐποίουν: ὁ δ᾽ εἰσῄει πρὸς τὸν Κυαξάρην ἐν τῇ Περσικῇ στολῇ οὐδέν τι ὑβρισμένῃ. ἰδὼν δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ Κυαξάρης τῷ μὲν τάχει ἥσθη, τῇ δὲ φαυλότητι τῆς στολῆς ἠχθέσθη, καὶ εἶπε: τί τοῦτο, ὦ Κῦρε; οἷον πεποίηκας οὕτω φανεὶς τοῖς Ἰνδοῖς; ἐγὼ δ᾽, ἔφη, ἐβουλόμην σε ὡς λαμπρότατον φανῆναι: καὶ γὰρ ἐμοὶ ἂν κόσμος ἦν τοῦτο, ἐμῆς ὄντα ἀδελφῆς υἱὸν ὅτι μεγαλοπρεπέστατον φαίνεσθαι.
¶ 6
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6. Cyrus explains that his promptness and the strict order of his soldiers, as well as his own sweat and haste are better marks of honor than fancy clothing…
καὶ ὁ Κῦρος πρὸς ταῦτα εἶπε: καὶ ποτέρως ἄν, ὦ Κυαξάρη, μᾶλλόν σε ἐκόσμουν, εἴπερ πορφυρίδα ἐνδὺς καὶ ψέλια λαβὼν καὶ στρεπτὸν περιθέμενος σχολῇ κελεύοντι ὑπήκουόν σοι, ἢ νῦν ὅτε σὺν τοιαύτῃ καὶ τοσαύτῃ δυνάμει οὕτω σοι ὀξέως ὑπακούω διὰ τὸ σὲ τιμᾶν ἱδρῶτι καὶ σπουδῇ καὶ αὐτὸς κεκοσμημένος καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἐπιδεικνύς σοι οὕτω πειθομένους; Κῦρος μὲν οὖν ταῦτα εἶπεν. ὁ δὲ Κυαξάρης νομίσας αὐτὸν ὀρθῶς λέγειν ἐκάλεσε τοὺς Ἰνδούς.
¶ 7
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7. The Indian embassy explains that they are to determine which party has been injured and to side with that party…
οἱ δὲ Ἰνδοὶ εἰσελθόντες ἔλεξαν ὅτι πέμψειε σφᾶς ὁ Ἰνδῶν βασιλεὺς κελεύων ἐρωτᾶν ἐξ ὅτου ὁ πόλεμος εἴη Μήδοις τε καὶ τῷ Ἀσσυρίῳ: ἐπεὶ δὲ σοῦ ἀκούσαιμεν, ἐκέλευσεν ἐλθόντας αὖ πρὸς τὸν Ἀσσύριον κἀκείνου ταὐτὰ πυθέσθαι: τέλος δ᾽ ἀμφοτέροις εἰπεῖν ὑμῖν ὅτι ὁ Ἰνδῶν βασιλεύς, τὸ δίκαιον σκεψάμενος, φαίη μετὰ τοῦ ἠδικημένου ἔσεσθαι.
¶ 8
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8. Cyrus suggests that the Assyrians and Medes request that the king of India be arbitrator of their conflict…
πρὸς ταῦτα ὁ Κυαξάρης εἶπεν: ἐμοῦ μὲν τοίνυν ἀκούετε ὅτι οὐκ ἀδικοῦμεν τὸν Ἀσσύριον οὐδέν: ἐκείνου δ᾽, εἰ δεῖσθε, ἐλθόντες νῦν πύθεσθε ὅ τι λέγει. παρὼν δὲ ὁ Κῦρος ἤρετο τὸν Κυαξάρην, ἦ καὶ ἐγώ, ἔφη, εἴπω ὅ τι γιγνώσκω; καὶ ὁ Κυαξάρης ἐκέλευσεν. ὑμεῖς τοίνυν, ἔφη, ἀπαγγείλατε τῷ Ἰνδῶν βασιλεῖ τάδε, εἰ μή τι ἄλλο Κυαξάρῃ δοκεῖ, ὅτι φαμὲν ἡμεῖς, εἴ τί φησιν ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἀδικεῖσθαι ὁ Ἀσσύριος, αἱρεῖσθαι αὐτὸν τὸν Ἰνδῶν βασιλέα δικαστήν. οἱ μὲν δὴ ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες ᾤχοντο.
¶ 9
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9. Cyrus tells Cyaxares that he has spent all of his personal wealth on awarding his soldiers…
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐξῆλθον οἱ Ἰνδοί, ὁ Κῦρος πρὸς τὸν Κυαξάρην ἤρξατο λόγου τοιοῦδε. ὦ Κυαξάρη, ἐγὼ μὲν ἦλθον οὐδέν τι πολλὰ ἔχων ἴδια χρήματα οἴκοθεν: ὁπόσα δ᾽ ἦν, τούτων πάνυ ὀλίγα λοιπὰ ἔχω: ἀνήλωκα δέ, ἔφη, εἰς τοὺς στρατιώτας: καὶ τοῦτο ἴσως, ἔφη, θαυμάζεις σὺ πῶς ἐγὼ ἀνήλωκα σοῦ αὐτοὺς τρέφοντος: εὖ δ᾽ ἴσθι, ἔφη, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιῶν ἢ τιμῶν καὶ χαριζόμενος, ὅταν τινὶ ἀγασθῶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν.
¶ 10
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10. He explains that his method has been to make allies by speaking well and treating them well…
δοκεῖ γάρ μοι, ἔφη, πάντας μὲν οὓς ἄν τις βούληται ἀγαθοὺς συνεργοὺς ποιεῖσθαι ὁποίου τινὸς οὖν πράγματος, ἥδιον εἶναι εὖ τε λέγοντα καὶ εὖ ποιοῦντα παρορμᾶν μᾶλλον ἢ λυποῦντα καὶ ἀναγκάζοντα: οὓς δὲ δὴ τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἔργων ποιήσασθαί τις βούλοιτο συνεργοὺς προθύμους, τούτους παντάπασιν ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ ἀγαθοῖς θηρατέον εἶναι καὶ λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις. φίλους γάρ, οὐκ ἐχθρούς, δεῖ εἶναι τοὺς μέλλοντας ἀπροφασίστους συμμάχους ἔσεσθαι καὶ μήτε τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς τοῦ ἄρχοντος φθονήσοντας μήτ᾽ ἐν τοῖς κακοῖς προδώσοντας.
¶ 11
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11. Cyrus asks that he and Cambyses lay plans for raising further money on the campaign…
ταῦτ᾽ οὖν ἐγὼ οὕτω προγιγνώσκων χρημάτων δοκῶ προσδεῖσθαι. πρὸς μὲν οὖν σὲ πάντας ὁρᾶν ὃν αἰσθάνομαι πολλὰ δαπανῶντα ἄτοπόν μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι: σκοπεῖν δ᾽ ἀξιῶ κοινῇ καὶ σὲ καὶ ἐμὲ ὅπως σὲ μὴ ἐπιλείψει χρήματα. ἐὰν γὰρ σὺ ἄφθονα ἔχῃς, οἶδα ὅτι καὶ ἐμοὶ ἂν εἴη λαμβάνειν ὁπότε δεοίμην, ἄλλως τε καὶ εἰ εἰς τοιοῦτόν τι λαμβάνοιμι ὃ μέλλοι καὶ σοὶ δαπανηθὲν βέλτιον εἶναι.
¶ 12
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12. Cyrus brings up the Armenian king who is refusing to pay tribute…
ἔναγχος οὖν ποτέ σου μέμνημαι ἀκούσας ὡς ὁ Ἀρμένιος καταφρονοίη σου νῦν, ὅτι ἀκούει τοὺς πολεμίους προσιόντας ἡμῖν, καὶ οὔτε τὸ στράτευμα πέμποι οὔτε τὸν δασμὸν ὃν ἔδει ἀπάγοι. ποιεῖ γὰρ ταῦτα, ἔφη, ὦ Κῦρε, ἐκεῖνος: ὥστε ἔγωγε ἀπορῶ πότερόν μοι κρεῖττον στρατεύεσθαι καὶ πειρᾶσθαι ἀνάγκην αὐτῷ προσθεῖναι ἢ ἐᾶσαι ἐν τῷ παρόντι, μὴ καὶ τοῦτον πολέμιον πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις προσθώμεθα.
¶ 13
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13. Cyaxares describes the Armenian king’s fortifications to an inquisitive Cyrus…
καὶ ὁ Κῦρος ἐπήρετο: αἱ δ᾽ οἰκήσεις αὐτῷ πότερον ἐν ἐχυροῖς χωρίοις εἰσὶν ἢ καί που ἐν εὐεφόδοις; καὶ ὁ Κυαξάρης εἶπεν: αἱ μὲν οἰκήσεις οὐ πάνυ ἐν ἐχυροῖς: ἐγὼ γὰρ τούτου οὐκ ἠμέλουν: ὄρη μέντοι ἔστιν ἔνθα δύναιτ᾽ ἂν ἀπελθὼν ἐν τῷ παραχρῆμα ἐν ἀσφαλεῖ εἶναι τοῦ μὴ αὐτός γε ὑποχείριος γενέσθαι, μηδὲ ὅσα ἐνταῦθα δύναιτο ὑπεκκομίσασθαι, εἰ μή τις πολιορκοίη προσκαθήμενος, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ ἐμὸς πατήρ ποτε ἐποίησεν.
¶ 14
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14. Cyaxares suggests that Cyrus make an attack, especially since some of the Armenians were age-mates of his when he was a boy…
ἐκ τούτου δὴ ὁ Κῦρος λέγει τάδε: ἀλλ᾽ εἰ θέλοις, ἔφη, ἐμὲ πέμψαι, ἱππέας μοι προσθεὶς ὁπόσοι δοκοῦσι μέτριοι εἶναι, οἶμαι ἂν σὺν τοῖς θεοῖς ποιῆσαι αὐτὸν καὶ τὸ στράτευμα πέμψαι καὶ ἀποδοῦναι τὸν δασμόν σοι: ἔτι δ᾽ ἐλπίζω καὶ φίλον αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἡμῖν γενήσεσθαι ἢ νῦν ἐστι.
¶ 15
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15. Cyrus thinks that with some horses and the help of the gods he could make the Armenian king pay the tribute…
καὶ ὁ Κυαξάρης εἶπε: καὶ ἐγώ, ἔφη, ἐλπίζω ἐκείνους ἐλθεῖν ἂν πρὸς σὲ μᾶλλον ἢ πρὸς ἐμέ: ἀκούω γὰρ καὶ συνθηρευτάς τινας τῶν παίδων σοι γενέσθαι αὐτοῦ: ὥστ᾽ ἴσως ἂν καὶ πάλιν ἔλθοιεν πρὸς σέ: ὑποχειρίων δὲ γενομένων αὐτῶν πάντα πραχθείη ἂν ᾗ ἡμεῖς βουλόμεθα. οὐκοῦν σοι δοκεῖ, ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, σύμφορον εἶναι τὸ λεληθέναι ἡμᾶς ταῦτα βουλεύοντας; μᾶλλον γὰρ ἄν, ἔφη ὁ Κυαξάρης, καὶ ἔλθοι τις αὐτῶν εἰς χεῖρας, καὶ εἴ τις ὁρμῷτο ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, ἀπαρασκεύαστοι ἂν λαμβάνοιντο.
¶ 16
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16. Cyrus will take a small band and pretend to engage in hunting along the Armenian border…
ἄκουε τοίνυν, ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, ἤν τί σοι δόξω λέγειν. ἐγὼ πολλάκις δὴ σὺν πᾶσι τοῖς μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ τεθήρακα ἀμφὶ τὰ ὅρια τῆς τε σῆς χώρας καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἀρμενίων, καὶ ἱππέας τινὰς ἤδη προσλαβὼν τῶν ἐνθένδε ἑταίρων ἀφικόμην. τὰ μὲν τοίνυν ὅμοια ποιῶν, ἔφη ὁ Κυαξάρης, οὐκ ἂν ὑποπτεύοιο: εἰ δὲ πολὺ πλείων ἡ δύναμις φαίνοιτο ἧς ἔχων εἴωθας θηρᾶν, τοῦτο ἤδη ὕποπτον ἂν γένοιτο.
¶ 17
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17. Cyaxares agrees to Cyrus’ clever plan and agrees to send reinforcements in time…
ἀλλ᾽ ἔστιν, ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, καὶ πρόφασιν κατασκευάσαι καὶ ἐνθάδε οὐκ ἄπιστον, καὶ ἤν τις ἐκεῖσε ἐξαγγείλῃ, ὡς ἐγὼ βουλοίμην μεγάλην θήραν ποιῆσαι: καὶ ἱππέας, ἔφη, αἰτοίην ἄν σε ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ. κάλλιστα λέγεις, ἔφη ὁ Κυαξάρης: ἐγὼ δέ σοι οὐκ ἐθελήσω διδόναι πλὴν μετρίους τινάς, ὡς βουλόμενος πρὸς τὰ φρούρια ἐλθεῖν τὰ πρὸς τῇ Ἀσσυρίᾳ. καὶ γὰρ τῷ ὄντι, ἔφη, βούλομαι ἐλθὼν κατασκευάσαι αὐτὰ ὡς ἐχυρώτατα. ὁπότε δὲ σὺ προεληλυθοίης σὺν ᾗ ἔχοις δυνάμει καὶ θηρῴης καὶ δὴ δύο ἡμέρας, πέμψαιμι ἄν σοι ἱκανοὺς ἱππέας καὶ πεζοὺς τῶν παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ ἡθροισμένων, οὓς σὺ λαβὼν εὐθὺς ἂν ἴοις, καὶ αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἂν ἔχων τὴν ἄλλην δύναμιν πειρῴμην μὴ πρόσω ὑμῶν εἶναι, ἵνα, εἴ που καιρὸς εἴη, ἐπιφανείην.
¶ 18
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18. They make preparations and though many wish to join Cyrus, Cambyses only gives him a few…
οὕτω δὴ ὁ μὲν Κυαξάρης εὐθέως πρὸς τὰ φρούρια ἥθροιζεν ἱππέας καὶ πεζούς, καὶ ἁμάξας δὲ σίτου προέπεμπε τὴν ἐπὶ τὰ φρούρια ὁδόν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ἐθύετο ἐπὶ τῇ πορείᾳ, καὶ ἅμα πέμπων ἐπὶ τὸν Κυαξάρην ᾔτει τῶν νεωτέρων ἱππέων. ὁ δὲ πάνυ πολλῶν βουλομένων ἕπεσθαι οὐ πολλοὺς ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ. προεληλυθότος δ᾽ ἤδη τοῦ Κυαξάρου σὺν δυνάμει πεζῇ καὶ ἱππικῇ τὴν πρὸς τὰ φρούρια ὁδὸν γίγνεται τῷ Κύρῳ τὰ ἱερὰ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀρμένιον ἰέναι καλά: καὶ οὕτως ἐξάγει δὴ ὡς εἰς θήραν παρεσκευασμένος.
¶ 19
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19. Cyrus observes the favorable omen of an eagle picking up a hare…
πορευομένῳ δ᾽ αὐτῷ εὐθὺς ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ χωρίῳ ὑπανίσταται λαγῶς: ἀετὸς δ᾽ ἐπιπτόμενος αἴσιος, κατιδὼν τὸν λαγῶ φεύγοντα, ἐπιφερόμενος ἔπαισέ τε αὐτὸν καὶ συναρπάσας ἐξῆρε, κἀπενεγκὼν ἐπὶ λόφον τινὰ οὐ πρόσω ἐχρῆτο τῇ ἄγρᾳ ὅ τι ἤθελεν. ἰδὼν οὖν ὁ Κῦρος τὸ σημεῖον ἥσθη τε καὶ προσεκύνησε Δία βασιλέα, καὶ εἶπε πρὸς τοὺς παρόντας:
¶ 20
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20. Cyrus and his men engage in an actual hunt and take many animals…
ἡ μὲν θήρα καλὴ ἔσται, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἢν ὁ θεὸς θελήσῃ. ὡς δὲ πρὸς τοῖς ὁρίοις ἐγένετο, εὐθὺς ὥσπερ εἰώθει ἐθήρα: καὶ τὸ μὲν πλῆθος τῶν πεζῶν καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ὤγμευον αὐτῷ, ὡς ἐπιόντες τὰ θηρία ἐξανισταῖεν: οἱ δὲ ἄριστοι καὶ πεζοὶ καὶ ἱππεῖς διέστασαν καὶ τἀνιστάμενα ὑπεδέχοντο καὶ ἐδίωκον: καὶ ᾕρουν πολλοὺς καὶ σῦς καὶ ἐλάφους καὶ δορκάδας καὶ ὄνους ἀγρίους: πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐν τούτοις τοῖς τόποις ὄνοι καὶ νῦν ἔτι γίγνονται.
¶ 21
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21. After another day of hunting Cyaxares’ reinforcements arrive and Cyrus has them wait in hiding…
ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἔληξε τῆς θήρας, προσμείξας πρὸς τὰ ὅρια τῶν Ἀρμενίων ἐδειπνοποιήσατο: καὶ τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ αὖθις ἐθήρα προσελθὼν πρὸς τὰ ὄρη ὧν ὠρέγετο. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ αὖ ἔληξεν, ἐδειπνοποιεῖτο. τὸ δὲ παρὰ Κυαξάρου στράτευμα ὡς ᾔσθετο προσιόν, ὑποπέμψας πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἶπεν ἀπέχοντας αὐτοῦ δειπνοποιεῖσθαι ὡς δύο παρασάγγας, τοῦτο προϊδὼν ὡς συμβαλεῖται πρὸς τὸ λανθάνειν: ἐπεὶ δὲ δειπνήσαιεν, εἶπε τῷ ἄρχοντι αὐτῶν παρεῖναι πρὸς αὐτόν. μετὰ δὲ τὸ δεῖπνον τοὺς ταξιάρχους παρεκάλει: ἐπεὶ δὲ παρῆσαν, ἔλεξεν ὧδε.
¶ 22
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22. Cyrus assembles the officers and tells Chrysantas to go ahead to the mountain road and cut off the king’s retreat…
ἄνδρες φίλοι, ὁ Ἀρμένιος πρόσθεν μὲν καὶ σύμμαχος ἦν καὶ ὑπήκοος Κυαξάρῃ: νῦν δὲ ὡς ᾔσθετο τοὺς πολεμίους ἐπιόντας, καταφρονεῖ καὶ οὔτε τὸ στράτευμα πέμπει ἡμῖν οὔτε τὸν δασμὸν ἀποδίδωσι. νῦν οὖν τοῦτον θηρᾶσαι, ἢν δυνώμεθα, ἤλθομεν. ὧδε οὖν, ἔφη, δοκεῖ ποιεῖν. σὺ μέν, ὦ Χρυσάντα, ἐπειδὰν ἀποκοιμηθῇς ὅσον μέτριον, λαβὼν τοὺς ἡμίσεις Περσῶν τῶν σὺν ἡμῖν ἴθι τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ κατάλαβε τὰ ὄρη, εἰς ἅ φασιν αὐτόν, ὅταν τι φοβηθῇ, καταφεύγειν:
¶ 23
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23. Cyrus tells them to dress like brigands and either capture or frighten the Armenians…
ἡγεμόνας δέ σοι ἐγὼ δώσω. φασὶ μὲν οὖν καὶ δασέα τὰ ὄρη ταῦτα εἶναι, ὥστ᾽ ἐλπὶς ὑμᾶς μὴ ὀφθῆναι: ὅμως δὲ εἰ προπέμποις πρὸ τοῦ στρατεύματος εὐζώνους ἄνδρας λῃσταῖς ἐοικότας καὶ τὸ πλῆθος καὶ τὰς στολάς, οὗτοι ἄν σοι, εἴ τινι ἐντυγχάνοιεν τῶν Ἀρμενίων, τοὺς μὲν ἂν συλλαμβάνοντες αὐτῶν κωλύοιεν τῶν ἐξαγγελιῶν, οὓς δὲ μὴ δύναιντο λαμβάνειν, ἀποσοβοῦντες ἂν ἐμποδὼν γίγνοιντο τοῦ μὴ ὁρᾶν αὐτοὺς τὸ ὅλον στράτευμά σου, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς περὶ κλωπῶν βουλεύεσθαι.
¶ 24
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24. Cyrus spells out all the contingencies…
καὶ σὺ μέν, ἔφη, οὕτω ποίει: ἐγὼ δὲ ἅμα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοὺς ἡμίσεις μὲν τῶν πεζῶν ἔχων, πάντας δὲ τοὺς ἱππέας, πορεύσομαι διὰ τοῦ πεδίου εὐθὺς πρὸς τὰ βασίλεια. καὶ ἢν μὲν ἀνθιστῆται, δῆλον ὅτι μάχεσθαι δεήσει: ἢν δ᾽ αὖ ὑποχωρῇ τοῦ πεδίου, δῆλον ὅτι μεταθεῖν δεήσει: ἢν δ᾽ εἰς τὰ ὄρη φεύγῃ, ἐνταῦθα δή, ἔφη, σὸν ἔργον μηδένα ἀφιέναι τῶν πρὸς σὲ ἀφικνουμένων.
¶ 25
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25. He likens the attack to a hunt…
νόμιζε δὲ ὥσπερ ἐν θήρᾳ ἡμᾶς μὲν τοὺς ἐπιζητοῦντας ἔσεσθαι, σὲ δὲ τὸν ἐπὶ ταῖς ἄρκυσι: μέμνησο οὖν ἐκεῖνο ὅτι φθάνειν δεῖ πεφραγμένους τοὺς πόρους πρὶν κινεῖσθαι τὴν θήραν. καὶ λεληθέναι δὲ δεῖ τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῖς στόμασιν, εἰ μέλλουσι μὴ ἀποτρέψειν τὰ προσφερόμενα.
¶ 26
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26. Cyrus advises Chrysantas not to lose too much sleep in anticipation of the hunt…
μὴ μέντοι, ἔφη, ὦ Χρυσάντα, οὕτως αὖ ποίει ὥσπερ ἐνίοτε διὰ τὴν φιλοθηρίαν: πολλάκις γὰρ ὅλην τὴν νύκτα ἄυπνος πραγματεύῃ: ἀλλὰ νῦν ἐᾶσαι χρὴ τοὺς ἄνδρας τὸ μέτριον ἀποκοιμηθῆναι, ὡς ἂν δύνωνται ὑπνομαχεῖν:
¶ 27
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27. He also advises him not to go into dangerous places but to follow the safest road for the army…
μηδέ γε, ὅτι οὐχ ἡγεμόνας ἔχων ἀνθρώπους πλανᾷ ἀνὰ τὰ ὄρη, ἀλλ᾽ ὅπῃ ἂν τὰ θηρία ὑφηγῆται, ταύτῃ μεταθεῖς, μήτι καὶ νῦν οὕτω τὰ δύσβατα πορεύου, ἀλλὰ κέλευέ σοι τοὺς ἡγεμόνας, ἐὰν μὴ πολὺ μάσσων ἡ ὁδὸς ᾖ, τὴν ῥᾴστην ἡγεῖσθαι:
¶ 28
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28. He advises him not to run too quickly…
στρατιᾷ γὰρ ἡ ῥᾴστη ταχίστη. μηδέ γε, ὅτι σὺ εἴθισαι τρέχειν ἀνὰ τὰ ὄρη, μήτι δρόμῳ ἡγήσῃ, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἂν δύνηταί σοι ὁ στρατὸς ἕπεσθαι, τῷ μέσῳ τῆς σπουδῆς ἡγοῦ.
¶ 29
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29. He says that some of the strongest and most zealous should fall back and encourage the rest…
ἀγαθὸν δὲ καὶ τῶν δυνατωτάτων καὶ προθύμων ὑπομένοντάς τινας ἐνίοτε παρακελεύεσθαι: ἐπειδὰν δὲ παρέλθῃ τὸ κέρας, παροξυντικὸν εἰς τὸ σπεύδειν πάντας παρὰ τοὺς βαδίζοντας τρέχοντας ὁρᾶσθαι.
¶ 30
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30. Chrysantas receives these instructions with joy and follows them…
Χρυσάντας μὲν δὴ ταῦτα ἀκούσας καὶ ἐπιγαυρωθεὶς τῇ ἐντολῇ τῇ Κύρου, λαβὼν τοὺς ἡγεμόνας, ἀπελθὼν καὶ παραγγείλας ἃ ἔδει τοῖς ἅμα αὐτῷ μέλλουσι πορεύεσθαι, ἀνεπαύετο. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀπεκοιμήθησαν ὅσον ἐδόκει μέτριον εἶναι, ἐπορεύετο ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη.
¶ 31
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31. Cyrus sends a message to the king telling him to pay the tribute and to know that Cyrus is at the frontier…
Κῦρος δέ, ἐπειδὴ ἡμέρα ἐγένετο, ἄγγελον μὲν προέπεμπε πρὸς τὸν Ἀρμένιον, εἰπὼν αὐτῷ λέγειν ὧδε: Κῦρος, ὦ Ἀρμένιε, κελεύει οὕτω ποιεῖν σε ὅπως ὡς τάχιστα ἔχων ἀπίῃ καὶ τὸν δασμὸν καὶ τὸ στράτευμα. ἢν δ᾽ ἐρωτᾷ ὅπου εἰμί, λέγε τἀληθῆ ὅτι ἐπὶ τοῖς ὁρίοις. ἢν δ᾽ ἐρωτᾷ εἰ καὶ αὐτὸς ἔρχομαι, λέγε κἀνταῦθα τἀληθῆ ὅτι οὐκ οἶσθα. ἐὰν δ᾽ ὁπόσοι ἐσμὲν πυνθάνηται, συμπέμπειν τινὰ κέλευε καὶ μαθεῖν.
¶ 32
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32. Cyrus instructs his men not to harm any Armenians…
τὸν μὲν δὴ ἄγγελον ἐπιστείλας ταῦτα ἔπεμψε, νομίζων φιλικώτερον οὕτως εἶναι ἢ μὴ προειπόντα πορεύεσθαι. αὐτὸς δὲ συνταξάμενος ᾗ ἄριστον καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἁνύτειν τὴν ὁδὸν καὶ πρὸς τὸ μάχεσθαι, εἴ τι δέοι, ἐπορεύετο. προεῖπε δὲ τοῖς στρατιώταις μηδένα ἀδικεῖν, καὶ εἴ τις Ἀρμενίων τῳ ἐντυγχάνοι, θαρρεῖν τε παραγγέλλειν καὶ ἀγορὰν τὸν θέλοντα ἄγειν ὅπου ἂν ὦσιν, εἴτε σῖτα εἴτε ποτὰ τυγχάνοι πωλεῖν βουλόμενος.
How do we solve the problem of the presence of “Indians” so far west of their homeland throughout the Cyropaedia?
Not only are recurring references to “Indians” problematic, but so is the geography Xenophon applies to them. AtCyropaedia 1.1.4 and Cyropaedia 1.5.2 , he seems to situate “India” in or near eastern Anatolia or northwestern Iran. Moreover, the “Chaldaeans,” not from southern Mesopotamia but a group northwest of Armenia (as I explained in a different comment), traveled to India often and served as mercenaries for the Indian king (Cyropaedia 3.2.25, 27 ). According to Simo Parpola 2003:342 , Assyrian records suggest that India is in fact Andia, “a country SE of Lake Urmia (on the border of Urartu/Armenia).” Xenophon’s own passage through Armenia was well to the west, so he may not have known about the Andians and inherited a tradition that spoke of “Indians.”
Simo Parpola has made a strong argument that by “Indians” Xenophon was referring to the Andians, a pre-Iranian people who lived in and around the Zagros Mountains. SeeParpola 2003:339-50 “Sacas, India, Gobryas, and the Median Royal Court: Xenophon’s Cyropedia Through the Eyes of an Assyriologist.” In Continuity of Empires (?): Assyria, Media, Persia, edited by Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, Michael Roaf and Robert Rollinger. Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria, 2003.
Cyrus chooses to obey part of Cyaraxes’ instructions (come quickly) but disobey another (wear fine clothing). How does this fit into the value system expressed in Cyropaedia? Is Cyrus’ defense of his choice at 2.4.6 sufficient?
Outside of whatever we may think of Cyrus’ argument that obedient haste (which seems predicated on the excellent training Cyrus initiated inCyropaedia 2.3 ) is preferable to luxurious clothing when it comes to greeting ambassadors, I think there are two ways to argue that Cyrus’ defense is “sufficient”: (1) Cyaxares himself accepts Cyrus’ argument and seemingly not out of any social pressure to do so; it is a moment of recognition for an otherwise not very sharp leader (ὁ δὲ Κυαξάρης νομίσας αὐτὸν ὀρθῶς λέγειν). (2) Cyrus himself makes allowances for followers who modify the leader’s instructions for a better end. In fact Cyrus explains to Hystaspas at Cyropaedia 8.4.11 that he holds Chrysantas in higher honor because he does precisely this (οὐ τὸ κελευόμενον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅ τι αὐτὸς γνοίη ἄμεινον εἶναι πεπραγμένον ἡμῖν τοῦτο ἔπραττεν). Cyrus explains further that Chrysantas delights in Cyrus’ good fortune more than Cyrus himself. Cyrus will take pains to make a similar point about himself to Cyaxares at Cyropaedia 5.5.13-24 . Though one could argue that Cyrus’ decision to appear in all haste, without his finery, reveals him to be a more thoughtful leader than Cyaxares (and thus shows him up), this does not seem to be the point of Cyrus’ action, but perhaps a necessary consequence of it.